How do i get gum out of clothes - Feb 1, 2019 · Follow these steps to get gum out of your dryer using a dryer sheet. Step 1 – Soak the dryer sheet with water. Step 2 – Lay the dryer sheet on the gum and press down lightly. If you have several spots of gum, then use one dryer sheet per spot. Step 3 – Let the dryer sheet sit on the gum for at least 10 minutes.

 
Dipping the clothing into a large kettle of boiling water can remove wax. The trick is adding baking soda to the boiling water. Take a very large kettle. Boil water in it. Put 5-6 teaspoons of baking soda into the water. Dip the clothing with wax on it into the boiling water with a stick or rod.. Bathhouses in hot springs ar

Sep 15, 2022 · Fold the jeans into a plastic bag. Don't fold the side with the gum with another piece of fabric. Put the bag in the freezer and leave it there for about an hour or longer. 4. Scrape off the gum. Use a dull blade or a kitchen knife to scrape off the hardened gum. When scraping, go with the natural grain of the jeans. Step 1: Freeze it. Before you work the stain out, you’ll need to remove the gum itself from the fabric. Richardson says the best way to do that is to put the entire garment in your freezer until the gum is frozen. (This should take about an hour or two.) More for You. Gum makes for something tasty to chew on and can even improve your breath in a pinch when needed. But from time to time, it can become a nuisance. Like when you think you have ... When it comes to oral health, your teeth shouldn’t be your only focus. Your gums also require care, or you may end up developing gum disease. If your gums are red, inflamed, swell ...Alum is a popular home remedy for treating bleeding or swollen gums and for use as a mouthwash. It is a natural astringent and antiseptic that is also effective in pain relief and ...A few bad habits can lead to gum disease, which can have some serious repercussions for your overall health. Take care of your mouth so you can avoid gum disease and the unpleasant...1. Heat the gum with a hair dryer set to low or medium. Turn on your hair dryer to low or medium and aim the nozzle at the gum. Hold the hair dryer about 1 inch (2.5 cm) above the spot and move it in circular motions until the gum is soft. [9] Work in 20-second bursts to keep the hair dryer from damaging the leather.Feb 5, 2023 · The best way to do this is by gently picking the gum off the fabric. 2. Heat the Vinegar in the Microwave Until Very Hot. Once you’ve removed all the gum you can by hand, move on to using the vinegar for the remaining gum. Heat the vinegar in the microwave-safe container until it’s hot but not boiling. 3. Feb 14, 2024 · Removing gum from a dryer can be quick and simple. Freeze the gum with ice cubes to harden it. Gently scrape the gum off using a plastic spatula. Clean residual gum with a cloth soaked in white vinegar. Repeat the process if any gum remains. Use a gentle touch to avoid damaging the dryer drum. Use a hair dryer on cool air to blow the excess powder foundation from clothes. Apply an enzyme-based stain remover or a few drops of dishwashing liquid to the stain and use your fingers to work it into the stain. Let it sit for 15 minutes. Wash the garment using a heavy-duty detergent. Check the stained area before tossing the item in the dryer.Jun 5, 2020 · Heat Things Up. (Image credit: Szymon Brzoska / The Style Stalker) This is one of the best tricks for removing gum if you have an iron on hand. Place the gum stain facedown on a piece of cardboard, then set your iron to medium heat. Press the iron down firmly on the back of the garment. Be careful not to move the iron around, as this could ... Washing your clothes too often can wear them out quickly, but washing them rarely just gets you dirty clothes. We're wondering how many times you wear your clothes before washing. ... Dip a cotton swab in rubbing alcohol. Rub the wet cotton swab on the surface of the gum. Try to avoid getting it on the fabric too much. Let the rubbing alcohol dry completely. Cut a square of duct tape slightly larger than the gum wad. Place the sticky side of the tape over the gum and press down gently. Dip a cotton swab in rubbing alcohol. Rub the wet cotton swab on the surface of the gum. Try to avoid getting it on the fabric too much. Let the rubbing alcohol dry completely. Cut a square of duct tape slightly larger than the gum wad. Place the sticky side of the tape over the gum and press down gently. To remove the chewing gum from your leather couch, follow the following steps: Scrape the excess gum carefully. Make moisture of lukewarm water and mild soap. Swish to come up with a significant volume of suds. Apply the suds foam on the gum and scrub gently using a sponge. Use a clean cloth to dry the area.As I've learned in my decade-plus as a cleaning writer, removing wrinkles from clothing involves reversing the process that causes them in the first place: loosening the fibers of the fabric ...Advertisement Follow these steps to remove chewing gum stains from fabrics such as Acetate, Acrylic Fabric, Burlap, Carpet/Synthetic, Carpet/Wool, Cotton, Fiberglass, Linen, Modacr... More for You. Gum makes for something tasty to chew on and can even improve your breath in a pinch when needed. But from time to time, it can become a nuisance. Like when you think you have ... A few bad habits can lead to gum disease, which can have some serious repercussions for your overall health. Take care of your mouth so you can avoid gum disease and the unpleasant...In most cases, washing as usual with a quality heavy-duty detergent will remove the mildew smell. You can also add 5 cups of vinegar directly to the drum with your laundry detergent, but Zinna says this is more effective for removing smells than it is for removing stains. In fact, she states that vinegar may interfere with the cleaning ...Apply rubbing alcohol on the gum. Soak the stuck gum with rubbing alcohol. Use a cotton ball to gently dab rubbing alcohol on the gum. Step 2. Stick duct tape onto the gum. Stick duct tape over the soaked gum. Stick a piece of duct tape on the gum. Firmly dab the tape all over the surface of the gum. Step 3.Wash the clothing in clean 90 °F (32 °C) water to remove the rubbing alcohol and detergent. This also washes away any dye the rubbing alcohol has removed. 6. Launder the clothing. Move the clothing to your washing machine and clean it as you normally would. Once the stain is removed, you can dry the clothing.Collect the gum chips as they fall and dispose of them. Wet a cleaning rag with hot tap water. Hold the rag against any remaining gum residue until it begins to soften again. Combine 1 tablespoon powdered laundry detergent with approximately 1/2 tablespoon water to form a paste. Scrub the remaining gum residue from the inside of …Unload. When the cycle is complete, unload the garments immediately. If the stain persists after washing, repeat the previous steps before tossing in the dryer, as drying will set the stain. 6 of 6. For alternative steps and extra tips, watch the video below for other chewing gum stain removal tips:Dec 22, 2022 · First, with the gum facing upwards, and place it in a . Then, let it sit in a for at least an hour for the gum to harden. Once you take the clothes out, you can try to pull the loose bits of the gum with your fingers or pick off small pieces with tweezers. Then, try removing the remaining gum with a toothbrush or gently scrape it off. Instructions. Soak the stain in cold water as soon as possible. If the stain is super fresh, place it under cold running water and try to flush out as much of the fresh blood as you can. Sponge ...Not only does it create a mess, but it can also transfer onto your clothes, leaving unwanted gum stains. However, removing gum from your dryer is not an impossible task. With the right materials and a little bit of patience, you can effectively remove the gum and restore your dryer to its pristine condition.Bubble Gum Day is a fun and exciting event celebrated annually on the first Friday in February. It is a day dedicated to the joy and nostalgia of chewing bubble gum. This unique ho...How to get gum out of clothes. Follow these simple steps to remove gum from clothes effectively: Freeze the gum. Scrape off the gum. Apply ice cube. Use peanut butter. ... Tip 2: If you do get gum on your clothes, remove it as soon as possible. The longer the gum stays on your clothes, the harder it will be to remove. If you can, try to …Aug 23, 2022 · Step 1: Freeze it. Before you work the stain out, you’ll need to remove the gum itself from the fabric. Richardson says the best way to do that is to put the entire garment in your freezer until the gum is frozen. (This should take about an hour or two.) Using a gel-type detergent, salt, and a toothbrush, you can get rid of chewing gum from clothes. Pour a small amount of detergent gel over the chewing gum. Allow the gel to soak in for a minute before rinsing it out. You can then remove the chewing gum by rubbing it into the salt, which should completely remove the gum. More for You. Gum makes for something tasty to chew on and can even improve your breath in a pinch when needed. But from time to time, it can become a nuisance. Like when you think you have ... Using a wet toothbrush, massage the soap into the stain. Cover the area with baking soda and brush the soda into the entire area with a toothbrush. Continue adding baking soda and brushing into the stain until the baking soda creates a paste-like cover over the stained area. Wait one hour, then rinse off baking soda completely.As the gum absorbs the oil, it will become easier to remove. To do this, rub a cooking oil of your choice (canola, olive, etc.) on the gum. Make sure you use enough oil so the gum will absorb it. After about 15 minutes, the gum should be soft and easy to peel off the dryer drum. This method also works well with WD-40.Steps to clean. Freeze gum with ice cube: Rub the ice cube over the gum until it hardens. Scrape with credit card: Gently scrape off the hardened gum using a plastic credit card. Pretreat with detergent: After you remove the dried gum from your clothes, apply laundry detergent directly to the stain and let it sit for a few minutes to break down ...Use soap and water. After removing what you can with the freezer method, use warm water and dish soap to take off any remaining residue. "Wet the shirt and rub it with a microfiber cloth and a little dish soap," Whiting says. "Soak the garment in warm water for 20 minutes, then let it air-dry." 04 of 04.Remove gum from clothes with ice. How to remove gum from clothes with the iron. Remove gum from clothes with the dryer. How to remove gum from clothes with hot water. Remove gum from clothes with liquid soap. How …Washing machines take the dirt and germs out of our clothes, but a lot of that grime just ends up trapped in the machine itself. It's pretty easy to clean your top-loader though wi...Machine wash your clothes with 1 cup of baking soda to remove smoke odors. Add 1 cup of vinegar during the rinse cycle for even more odor-fighting power. Alternatively, hang your clothes outside to let …Using your fingers or a soft brush, massage the product into the fabric until the sticky substance disappears. This may take up to 10 …3. Leave your clothing to soak for 1 hour and then wash it. After you’ve rubbed the majority of the stain away, let your clothing sit in the sink for 1 hour. This will give the lemon juice and water time to loosen up any remaining residue from the sweat stain. Then, throw your clothing in with the rest of your laundry.Massage the liquid soap into the stain using the pads of your fingers or a clean, white cloth. Allow the soap a few minutes to penetrate and break down the butter. Machine wash the garment according to the instructions on its care label, using the hottest water temperature …Sep 24, 2008 ... http://www.homeserve.com - The icky, sticky mess of chewing gum on clothes nasty. But it can be easy to remove chewing gum from clothes with ...Dipping the clothing into a large kettle of boiling water can remove wax. The trick is adding baking soda to the boiling water. Take a very large kettle. Boil water in it. Put 5-6 teaspoons of baking soda into the water. Dip the clothing with wax on it into the boiling water with a stick or rod.Gather ice cubes from the freezer, and then complete the following steps: Place a couple of ice cubes in a plastic bag. Press the bag of ice onto the offending gum wad. Leave the ice on the gum ...Apply Goo Gone to each gum area separately. Let the Goo Gone work for 2-3 minutes to set. After treating, the gum will be able to be scraped off easily from surface and then wash clothes as normal to remove any leftover residue. Check them before putting them back into the dryer, repeat cleaning of any areas as necessary. How to Remove Chewing Gum from Clothes with Your Iron. Put a piece of clean cardboard on a flat surface or ironing board. Place the garment gum-side down on top. Set the iron to medium (too hot and it will melt the gum into a sticky mess, too low and it won’t be hot enough) and iron the garment on the back. As I've learned in my decade-plus as a cleaning writer, removing wrinkles from clothing involves reversing the process that causes them in the first place: loosening the fibers of the fabric ...In addition, putting the clothes with gum directly into your washing machine may destroy the appliance. The gum may get stuck in the machine, causing a bigger problem. That is why it is important to remove the gum before washing. 3. Use an Iron. Grab a piece of cardboard and lay it on top of your ironing board.Mar 3, 2023 · Removal is usually a two-step process—hardening the gum so it will release more easily and, then, removing the sticky stain it leaves behind. Luckily, with a bit of patience and the right cleaning supplies, you'll be able to get gum out of clothes—even if it's old and dried. Pick off as much gum as possible. Freeze the gum by spraying it with canned air until the gum hardens. Gently scrape away the hardened gum with a plastic spoon or butter knife. If you find a fingernail glue stain on a carpet, mix a solution of 1 cup warm water, 1 teaspoon liquid dishwashing detergent, and 2 tablespoons distilled white vinegar, and wait for the glue to dry. Then, dip a clean white cloth, paper towel, or sponge in the solution, and give the area a quick scrub. Blot with a clean cloth dipped in plain ...One way to remove gum from clothes is by placing the item of clothing in a plastic bag, ensuring the gum doesn't stick to the bag. Seal the bag, and place it in a freezer for a few hours. The gum ...Hairspray. To remove chewing gum from clothes with hairspray, follow these 3 steps: . Spray the hair spray directly onto the chewing gum and let it harden. . Once it is firm the gum should be easy to prise off. . You may need to wash your clothing in the machine to remove any final traces of gum. 3.Mar 8, 2024 · 1. Fold your clothing so the gum is on the outside. You will need to fold it small enough to fit into a plastic bag the size of your choice. Avoid spreading the gum to other parts of the clothing. [1] 2. Place the clothing in a plastic bag. Seal the bag shut but make sure that the gum does not stick to the plastic bag. Removal is usually a two-step process—hardening the gum so it will release more easily and, then, removing the sticky stain it leaves behind. …Washing your clothes too often can wear them out quickly, but washing them rarely just gets you dirty clothes. We're wondering how many times you wear your clothes before washing. ...Feb 24, 2023 · Apply WD-40 to the gum and to the portion of the garment located directly behind the gum. Let it sit for a minute. Then use your scraping tool to loosen the gum from the item of clothing. Remove ... If you could fix a fuse with only a stick of foil-wrapped gum, would you do it? Learn how to fix a fuse and why a gum wrapper may not be the best bet. Advertisement ­A blown fuse c...Feb 14, 2024 · Removing gum from a dryer can be quick and simple. Freeze the gum with ice cubes to harden it. Gently scrape the gum off using a plastic spatula. Clean residual gum with a cloth soaked in white vinegar. Repeat the process if any gum remains. Use a gentle touch to avoid damaging the dryer drum. tb1234. To create the lemon paste, combine the lemon juice and salt. Add the paste to any mildew stains or areas with heavy musty odors and let it sit for approximately two minutes. Afterward, scrub the area with a washcloth or toothbrush. Then, run your clothes through the wash.Just apply a little Clorox 2 ® product directly to the stains and gently rub it in. Wait 10 minutes (set a timer to keep track of the time) and then machine wash the item in the hottest water recommended on the care label using detergent and a little more Clorox 2 ® For Colors Stain Remover and Laundry Additive.Spray some WD-40 on the place where the gum is stuck; let it sit for a few minutes, then go at it with a plastic knife or spoon. Chances are that you’ll get most of the gum out in just one clean swipe. How to get Gum out of Sheets. Apply WD …Take the clothes and put in a ziplock bag and place in freezer for 1-2 hours. Remove clothes and using a plastic knife scrape off any solid residue that you can. Get a cup of White Vinegar and heat in microwave until hot but not boiling. Using an old toothbrush, dip into vinegar and rub on gum residue.Dec 19, 2018 · Mayonnaise. Oil can help remove gum. Just rub it on the gum and it should be pretty easy to peel off. Just note that the oil in mayo can leave a stain, depending on the surface or fabric. Learn how to remove oil stains from concrete. 4 / 10. Joshua Resnick/Shutterstock. In most cases, washing as usual with a quality heavy-duty detergent will remove the mildew smell. You can also add 5 cups of vinegar directly to the drum with your laundry detergent, but Zinna says this is more effective for removing smells than it is for removing stains. In fact, she states that vinegar may interfere with the cleaning ...3. Try vinegar as another chemical-free option. As vinegar contains acetic acid, it helps to dissolve the bleach and peel away the damaged fabric. Buy white vinegar from your local store and completely saturate the stain in vinegar. Rinse the garment in cold water once done and then repeat if necessary.Here you can find five methods to take gum out of your clothes. None of these things can damage the fabric, so don’t worry about that when trying them. #1 Use Detergent . Almost all the methods listed here are based on using different products to take the gum out without damaging your clothes, and some are more creative than others. The first ...If you find a fingernail glue stain on a carpet, mix a solution of 1 cup warm water, 1 teaspoon liquid dishwashing detergent, and 2 tablespoons distilled white vinegar, and wait for the glue to dry. Then, dip a clean white cloth, paper towel, or sponge in the solution, and give the area a quick scrub. Blot with a clean cloth dipped in plain ...Step 1. Lay out the clothing flat with the gum facing upward. Place several ice cubes in a plastic bag and hold the bag on top of the gum for five to 10 minutes. This will freeze the gum, making removal less messy. Video of the Day.Nov 27, 2013 · Wipe the sap and goo remover away with a damp cloth. Pour some rubbing alcohol onto a corner of a white soft cloth; using white ensures that no dye transfers over to the sap-ridden fabric. Dab the alcohol over the sap until the sap comes off. Add a little mild dish soap to another corner of the cloth dampened with water. Jul 17, 2017 · Hold ice cubes over the gum to freeze it and scrape or peel the frozen gum off of the carpet, upholstery or clothing with a butter knife. For smaller items, place the stained piece in a plastic bag and leave it in the freezer for 1 hour before scraping the gum off of the fabric. Dab the remaining residue with a cloth dampened with cool water to ... Try a steamer or if you don't have one, use a teapot with a spout; hold the fabric so the steam directly hits the gum. Try removing the gum after a minute of steaming. Boiling vinegar can also soften up gum. Dip the gum into …Start by picking off any loose gum from the clothing. Then apply an adhesive or sticker remover onto the sticky residue. You can use a dull knife or butter knife to get the gum off. 5. Remove gum with a hairdryer. Set your hairdryer on medium heat and aim it carefully at the sticky mess.Wear latex gloves to keep your hands dry. Rub the ice cubes on the gum on your washing machine's surface until the ice melts. Scrape the hardened gum with a plastic spoon or knife. Spray the area where the gum was with a spray lubricant. Let the lubricant sit for five minutes. Scrub the area thoroughly with a cloth or rag.Use a spoon, dull knife, or credit card to remove globs of Aquaphor on your clothes. Rub dish soap into fresh or dried stains and let it sit for 15 minutes. Or, apply equal parts baking soda and water onto the stain and leave it for 30 minutes. Wash your garment in the coolest water according to its care instructions.Is chewing gum stuck to your clothing? This is the BEST video on the internet for removing gum from clothes!!_____★ MORE HACKS...Let the detergent sit for about 5 minutes and then rinse. Use cold water to rinse the detergent out of the stain. Be thorough to ensure all the detergent is removed. [5] 5. Apply white vinegar if your garment is white or colorfast. Use a sponge to dab a small amount of white vinegar into the stain area.Most of us know the importance of looking after our teeth - twice daily brushing, flossing and good dental hygiene can help to keep our smile looking good and minimise the need for...Feb 24, 2023 · Apply WD-40 to the gum and to the portion of the garment located directly behind the gum. Let it sit for a minute. Then use your scraping tool to loosen the gum from the item of clothing. Remove ... Press down on the clothing to absorb as much of the ink as possible. Next, dip a paintbrush in the bowl, and paint the solution over the stain. Make sure you cover the entire area with the liquid. Leave for five minutes to allow the solution to seep into the stain.Alum is a popular home remedy for treating bleeding or swollen gums and for use as a mouthwash. It is a natural astringent and antiseptic that is also effective in pain relief and ...What do you do when it's time to eat but aren't ready to quit chewing your gum yet? Why....put it in your pocket, of course! At least that's what my 3 year old decided was the best thing to do. She said, 'I didn't know it would stick!!' and then proceeded to be very grumpy about the fact that her pocket was sticking together. I assured her that mommy …Mix water and baking soda in a bowl to create a paste. Aim for a consistency thick enough to pick the paste up without it slipping through your fingers. Apply the paste to the gum in your hair. Leave the mixture in your hair for around fifteen minutes, until it hardens. Pick or comb it out to remove the gum.Step 1. Harden the gum by freezing the area. If it is in the interior of your pocket, pull the cloth to the outside of the garment, if possible. You can freeze the gum by putting an ice cube in a plastic bag and holding it over the gum or …A lot of people struggle with cleaning the sidewalks or other types of concrete. Various substances can trickle into concrete’s tiny pores and leave a Expert Advice On Improving Yo...Oct 21, 2021 · 2. Freeze the gum with ice cubes. If you can't fit the fabric in the freezer or can't get it wet, place an ice cube directly on the gum. If you shouldn't get the material wet, place an ice pack or bag filled with ice over the gum. Leave the gum on the ice for 10 to 15 minutes or until the gum becomes firm. 3. Method 2 - Ice ... Perhaps the most popular cleaning solution is freezing the gum. If your chair or sofa has a removable cover, you could take this off and put ...Step 1: Freeze it. Before you work the stain out, you’ll need to remove the gum itself from the fabric. Richardson says the best way to do that is to put the entire garment in your freezer until the gum is frozen. (This should take about an hour or two.)Ice and Vinegar: Another DIY method is the combination of an ice cube plus vinegar. Using an ice cube, freeze the sap stain, scraping off the residue. Next, dip a cloth in vinegar and gently rub the stain until it’s no longer visible. Rinse the stain under running water, then launder it as usual.

1. Soak the stain in diluted ammonia and treat with an enzyme stain remover. Mix 1 quart (0.95 L) of warm water, ½ tsp (2.5 mL) of dish soap, and 1 tbsp (15 mL) of ammonia and soak the stain in the solution for 15 minutes. Gently rub the back of the stain to loosen it, then soak for an additional 15 minutes.. What are sins in the bible

how do i get gum out of clothes

Method 1. This method is most suitable for thick or bulky clothing. What You Need:. Ice cubes; A freezer bag; A blunt-edged knife; Here’s What To Do:. Put some ice cubes in the freezer bag.answers from Dallas on August 19, 2009. Peanut Butter is the best way to get gum out of anything. Rub a small amount on spot and watch it melt away. Something about the oil in the pb will get it out.Step 1 – Spray compressed air directly on the gum until it is completely frozen. Step 2 – Use a dull metal object, such as a butter knife, to scrape the gum off your shoe. Spray the gum again if it does not come up easily the first time. TIP: If there is any gum left on your shoe (especially in those grooves), then try using a toothpick to ...May 29, 2021 · 2. Run warm water over the clothing or soak it in a bucket. Run the warm water from the back of the stain through the front. This should help pull the toothpaste out of the woof of the woven fabric. Gently rub the stain (s) with your finger under the water. Make sure the stains are out before you dry your clothing. Aug 4, 2022 · Spread a smear of plain peanut butter, trying to coat as much of the gum as possible, while avoiding getting it on the fabric. Allow it to rest for between 5 to 10 minutes, so the gum can lose some of its hardness. Once the 10 minutes are up, remove the gum using a sharp blade. 5. Put the Garment in the Freezer. If there is no color change, spray or rub a little onto the gum and then wash with detergent in the hottest water allowed (check the care label). Allow to air dry and then check for success. You can also use ice to jumpstart removal of other sticky candies such as tootsie rolls, lollipops, and salt water taffy.Take the clothes and put in a ziplock bag and place in freezer for 1-2 hours. Remove clothes and using a plastic knife scrape off any solid residue that you can. Get a cup of White Vinegar and heat in microwave until hot but not boiling. Using an old toothbrush, dip into vinegar and rub on gum residue.May 29, 2020 · Heat a glass of vinegar until it is almost boiling, pour it over the affected area and use a toothbrush to gently scrub the gum until it comes off. You can also use a knife. Afterwards, wash the garment in the washing machine to remove the vinegar. 4. How to remove chewing gum from clothes with a hot iron. Here you can find five methods to take gum out of your clothes. None of these things can damage the fabric, so don’t worry about that when trying them. #1 Use Detergent . Almost all the methods listed here are based on using different products to take the gum out without damaging your clothes, and some are more creative than others. The first ...Advertisement Follow these steps to remove chewing gum stains from fabrics such as Acetate, Acrylic Fabric, Burlap, Carpet/Synthetic, Carpet/Wool, Cotton, Fiberglass, Linen, Modacr...How to Get Gum Out of Clothes. Real Simple. March 6, 2023. No stress, these simple tricks will remove even dried gum from your belongings.If an ordinary wash just isn’t getting rid of the smell, presoak your clothing for a half hour in a 1:4 solution of vinegar and water. Another effective natural method involves presoaking with a ...Feb 1, 2019 · Follow these steps to get gum out of your dryer using a dryer sheet. Step 1 – Soak the dryer sheet with water. Step 2 – Lay the dryer sheet on the gum and press down lightly. If you have several spots of gum, then use one dryer sheet per spot. Step 3 – Let the dryer sheet sit on the gum for at least 10 minutes. .

Popular Topics